ENDNOTES, Crises of the Anti-Drug Effort, 1999

All of the facts above have been reported in NewsBriefs, the newsletter of the National Drug Strategy Network. Citations to NewsBriefs articles are included in the endnotes in the form (NB, month(s)/year, page number). NewsBriefs articles can be found at www.ndsn.org.  Drug War Facts by Common Sense for Drug Policy (Sept. 1998) was extremely useful in my research and is highly recommended as a reference tool for persons concerned about drug policy. It is regularly updated at www.drugsense.org/factbook/.

1a. Editorial, "The Drug War Backfires," New York Times, March 13, 1999.

1b. Timothy Egan, "War on Crack Retreats, Still Taking Prisoners," New York Times, February 28, 1999.

2. U.S. v. Singleton, CA10, No. 97-3178, 63CrL451, 7/1/98, vacated 7/10/98; "CA10 Rehears Singleton En Banc, But State Judge Follows Panel," Criminal Practice Report, Dec. 2, 1998, Vol. 12, No. 24, p. 491; (NB, 11-12/98, p. 16).

3a. House Report 99-845, Sept. 19, 1986, Part 1, pp. 11-12.

3b. Special Report to Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy, Washington, DC: U.S. Sentencing Commission (1995, Feb.), Table 18.

4. Ofra Bikel (Producer & Writer), "Snitch," PBS' Frontline, Jan. 12, 1998. A video cassette copy is available from WGBH-TV, 125 Western Ave., Boston, MA 02134-1008, Tel: (617) 492-2777, E-mail: frontline@pbs.org.

5. Matthew Brelis, "A Big-Time Bust," Boston Globe, Nov. 8, 1998, p. D1; (NB, 11-12/98, p. 15).

6. "N.Y. Drug Sentencing Condemned," Washington Post, March 16, 1997; (NB, 5-6/97, p. 9).

7. "Legislature passes `650-Lifer Law' reform," Michigan Chronicle, July 15-21, 1998, p. A3; (NB, 7-8/98, p. 34). Families Against Mandatory Minimums (FAMM) was intimately involved in the reform of Michigan's "650-lifer" law. Contact FAMM at 1612 K Street, Suite 1400, Washington, DC 20006, Tel: (202) 822-6700, Fax: (202) 822-6704, E-mail: famm@famm.org, Web: www.famm.org, Michigan Tel: (517) 482-4982. 

8. Darrell K. Gilliard, "Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 1998," Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, March 1999; Associated Press, "Doubling of Prison Population Has U.S. on Track to Be Leading Jailer," Chicago Tribune, March 15, 1999.

9. Thomas P. Bonczar and Lauren E. Glaze, "Probation and Parole, 1997," Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, Aug. 1998, NCJ 172216.

10. Marc Mauer & Tracy Huling, Young Black Americans and the Criminal Justice System: Five Years Later, Washington, DC: Sentencing Project (1995), p. 1. Contact the Sentencing Project, 918 F Street, NW, Suite 501, Washington, DC 20004, Tel: (202) 628-0871, Fax: (202) 628-1091, E-mail: staff@sentencingproject.org, Web: www.sentencingproject.org.

11. See note 8 above.

12. "Crime in the United States 1997," Uniform Crime Reports, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, FBI (1998, Nov.), Table 29, p. 222.

13. Behind Bars: Substance Abuse and America's Prison Population, New York, NY: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (1998, Jan.), p. 2; (NB, 1/98, p. 3). Contact CASA, 152 West 57th Street, New York, NY 10019-3310, Tel: (212) 841-5200, Fax: (212) 956-8020, Web: www.casacolumbia.org.

14. Maia Szalavitz, "War on Drugs, War on Women," On the Issues, Winter 1999.

15. Joe Rigert, "Drug sentences often stacked against women," Minneapolis Star Tribune, Dec. 14, 1997; Joe Rigert, "Justice blind to children," Minneapolis Star Tribune, Dec. 15, 1997; Joe Rigert, "What about a second chance?" Minneapolis Star Tribune, Dec. 16, 1997; (NB, 1/98, p. 7).

16. Joe Rigert, "Justice blind to children," Minneapolis Star Tribune, Dec. 15, 1997.

17. Tara-Jen Ambrosio & Vincent Schiraldi, From Classrooms to Cellblocks: A National Perspective, Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute (1997, Feb.). Vincent Schiraldi is Executive Director of JPI, which is a project of the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice (CJCJ). Contact JPI, 2208 Martin Luther King Jr., Ave., SE, Washington, DC 20020, Tel: (202) 678-9282, Fax: (202) 678-9321, E-mail: vschiraldi@aol.com, Web: www.cjcj.org.

18. Jason Ziedenberg, Vincent Schiraldi & Robert Gangi, New York's State of Mind: Higher Education vs. Prison Funding in the Empire State, 1988-1998, Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute (1998, Dec.); Randal C. Archibold, "Colleges Fall, But Prisons Rise In State Support," New York Times, Dec. 12, 1998.

19. Tara-Jen Ambrosio & Vincent Schiraldi, Trading Classrooms for Cell Blocks: Destructive Policies Eroding D.C. Communities, Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute (1997, Feb.), pp. 5-6.

20. Vincent Schiraldi, Is Maryland's System of Higher Education Suffering Because of Prison Expenditures? Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute (1998, March).

21. Dan Macallair, Khaled Taqi-Eddin and Vincent Schiraldi, Class Dismissed: Higher Education vs. Corrections During the Wilson Years, Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute (1998, Sept.); Lea McDermid, Kathleen Connolly, Dan Macallair and Vincent Schiraldi, From Classrooms to Cell Blocks: How Prison Building Affects Higher Education and African American Enrollment, Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute (1996, Oct.).

22. Associated Press, "High School Students in California Protest Spending on Prisons," New York Times, Oct. 2, 1998; (NB, 9-10/98, p. 28).

23. Jamie Fellner, "Race and Drug Law Enforcement in the State of Georgia," Human Rights Watch Report, July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 6-9; (NB, 9/96, p. 6). Contact HRW, 485 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10017-6104, Tel: (212) 972-8400, Fax: (212) 972-0905, E-mail: fellnej@hrw.org, Web: www.hrw.org.

24. Jamie Fellner, "Cruel and Unusual: Disproportionate Sentences for New York Drug Offenders," Human Rights Watch Report, March 1997, Vol. 9, No. 2 (B); "N.Y. Drug Sentencing Condemned," Washington Post, March 16, 1997; (NB, 5-6/97, p. 9). 

25. Mikki Norris, Chris Conrad & Virginia Resner, Shattered Lives: Portraits From America's Drug War, El Cerrito, CA: Creative Xpressions (1998). Creative Xpressions, Tel: (888) 265-8326, Web: www.hr95.org. Shattered Lives is 140 pages, 12 in color, and costs $19.95 plus $3.95 S&H.

26. John Gonzalez, "Federal Judge Keeps Hold on State Prisons," Houston Chronicle, March 2, 1999; Rick Lyman, "Texas Inmates Tell U.S. Judge of Abuses," San Jose Mercury News, February 13, 1999; John Gonzalez, "Abuse Accounts Aren't Pursued, Inmates Testify," Houston Chronicle, January 22, 1999.

27. John Gonzalez, "Prison Expert: State's Solitary Cells Inhumane," Houston Chronicle, February 5, 1999.

28. Marc Mauer, Intended and Unintended Consequences: State Racial Disparities in Imprisonment, Washington, DC: Sentencing Project (1997), pp. 9-10.

29. Marc Mauer & Tracy Huling, Young Black Americans and the Criminal Justice System: Five Years Later, Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project (1995), p. 1; (NB, 10/95, p. 11).

30. Eric Lotke, Hobbling a Generation, Alexandria, VA: National Center on Institutions and Alternatives (1997, Aug.); (NB, 9-10/97, p. 7). Contact NCIA, 3125 Mt. Vernon Ave., Alexandria, VA 22305, Tel: (703) 684-0373, Fax: (703) 684-6037, E-mail: ncia@igc.org, Web: www.ncianet.org.ncia.

31. See note 28 above, p. 1.

32. Darrell K. Gilliard & Allen J. Beck, Ph.D., "Prisoners in 1997," Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, Aug. 1998, Table 13.

33. Eric Sterling, Racially Disproportionate Outcomes in Processing Drug Cases, Washington, DC: Criminal Justice Policy Foundation (1998); (NB, 9-10/98, p. 19).

34. Preliminary Results from the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (1998, Aug.), p. 13 and Table 1A, p. 58; Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1997, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics (1998), Tables 4.10 and 5.46, pp. 338, 422.

35. Ibid., Sourcebook, Table 5.51, p. 426.

36. Ibid, Table 5.55, p. 428.

37. Associated Press, "Hundreds Protest Alleged Racial Profiling," May 17, 1998; (NB, 5-6/98, p. 14).

38. Michael Schneider, Associated Press, "I-95 drug patrol in Md. searches mostly minorities," Philadelphia Inquirer, May 23, 1996.

39. Special Report to Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy, Washington, DC: U.S. Sentencing Commission (1995, Feb.), Table 13, p. 161 (NB, 3/95, p. 5).

40. 21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(A) and (B).

41. Eric E. Sterling, "Disparity in crack, powder cocaine sentences," Chicago Tribune, August 4, 1997.

42. Edwards v. U.S., US SupCt, No. 96-1492, 61CrL3015; Joan Biskupic, "Court Rejects Claim in Crack Cocaine Sentencing," Washington Post, April 15, 1997; (NB, 5-6/97, p. 8).

43. (NB, 3/95, p.3); Cocaine and Federal Sentencing, Washington, DC: U.S. Sentencing Commission (1997, April); Associated Press, "Panel Advises Balance in Drug Sentencing, New York Times, April 30, 1997; (NB, 5-6/97, p. 7).

44. Marc Mauer and Jamie Fellner, Losing the Vote: The Impact of Felony Disenfranchisement Laws in the United States, Human Rights Watch and The Sentencing Project, Oct. 1998; (NB, 11-12/98, p. 13).

45. Jack Nelson & Ronald J. Ostrow, "Illegal Drug Scene Spurs Rise in Police Corruption," Los Angeles Times, June 13, 1998; (NB, 7-8/98, p. 9).

46. David Johnson, "U.S. Customs Admits Its Own Drug Corruption," New York Times, February 17, 1999.

47. S.K. Bardwell, "Police shot man 12 times in raid," Houston Chronicle, July 21, 1998; (NB, 7-8/98, p. 10). Steve Brewer, "Panel clears six from HPD of homicide," Houston Chronicle, Oct. 20, 1998; (NB, 9-10/98, p. 8).

48. Associated Press, "Teen informant sues town for arrest of parents on drug counts six years ago," Buffalo News, Dec. 1, 1996; Associated Press, "Police officer goes back to high school as undercover drug agent," Arlington Heights (IL) Daily Herald, Nov. 24, 1997; (NB, 1/98, p. 34); Mark Blair, "`Rewards' Becoming the 4th `R,'" Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1998; (NB, 5-6/98, p. 15); Associated Press, "Program Pays Students to Snitch on Classmates," The Columbian (Columbia, WA), Jan. 20, 1999; Kevin Brass, "Undercover High," San Diego Magazine, Nov. 1998, p. 80; James Blair, "Ethics of Using Juvenile Informants," Christian Science Monitor, April 14, 1998; (NB, 5-6/98, p. 15).

49. Bill Rams & Stuart Pfeifer, "Slain Informer Snitched on Friend," Orange County Register, April 3, 1998; (NB, 3-4/98, p. 19).

50. Peter B. Kraska & Victor E. Kappeler, "Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units," Social Problems, Feb. 1997, Vol. 44, No. 1; (NB, 7/97, p. 6).

51. Timothy Egan, "Soldiers of the Drug War Remain on Duty," New York Times, March 1, 1999.

52. Chad Thevenot, "The `Militarization' of the Anti-Drug Effort," NewsBriefs, July 1997, p. 18.

53. Thaddeus Herrick, "Marine on anti-drug duty shoots, kills student," Houston Chronicle, May 22, 1997; (NB, 7/97, p. 3).

54. U.S. House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims, Oversight Investigation of the Death of Esequiel Hernandez, Jr., Nov. 1998, Committee Print #105-11; (NB, 11-12/98, p. 33).

55. Eric E. Sterling, "The Bill of Rights: A Casualty of the War on Drugs," Vital Speeches of the Day, Nov. 1, 1990. This speech was delivered to the Colorado Bar Association, 92nd Annual Convention, Aspen, Colorado, Sept. 14, 1990.

56. Minnesota v. Carter, (U.S. SupCt, Dec. 1, 1998) (No. 97-1147) 64CrL158; (NB, 11-12/98, p. 5).

57. Todd v. Rush County, No. 97-2021, 1998WL334388; David G. Savage, "High Court Lets Schools Expand Drug Testing," Los Angeles Times (Washington Edition), Oct. 6, 1998; Tony Mauro, "High court returns in a flurry, lets stand drug testing in schools," USA Today, Oct. 6, 1998; (NB, 9-10/98, p. 29).

58. Richard Willing, "Drug war fuels boom in use of wiretaps," USA Today, May 9, 1998; Richard Carelli, "Wiretap Requests Hit Record," Orange County Register, May 9, 1998; (NB, 5-6/98, p. 12).

59. U.S. v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms, 465 U.S. 354, 361 (1984); U.S. v. Real Property Located at 6625 Zumirez Drive, 845 F. Supp. 725, 733 (1994).

60. E. Blumenson and E. Nilsen, "Policing for Profit: The Drug War's Hidden Economic Agenda," University of Chicago Law Review, 65:35-114 (1998, Winter).

61. 19 U.S.C. § 1615.

62. See note 25 above, p. 72.

63. Eric E. Sterling, "Law Enforcement Against Entheogens: Is It Religious Persecution?" In Entheogens and the Future of Religion, Edited by Robert Forte, San Francisco, CA: Council on Spiritual Practices (1997). Contact Council on Spiritual Practices, Box 460065, San Francisco, CA 94146-0065, Tel: (415) 285-9000, Fax: (415) 285-9071, E-mail: csp@csp.org, Web: www.csp.org. To order copies of the book, contact Promind Services, 321 S. Main St., #543, Sebastopol, CA 95472, Tel: (800) 829-8127 or (707) 829-8127, Fax: (707) 829-8100, E-mail: books@promind.com.

64. Report of the International Narcotics Control Board For 1997, United Nations International Narcotics Control Board, February 24, 1998; (NB, 3-4/98, p. 24).

65. Christopher Wren, "International Effort Pledged to Curb Demand for Illegal Drugs," New York Times, June 11, 1998; (NB, 5-6/98, p. 3).

66. Advertisement, New York Times, June 8, 1998, pp. A14-A15; (NB, 5-6/98, p. 6).

67. Carla Anne Robbins, "Drug War Tactic Shifts as Clinton Aims to Curb U.S. Demand Instead of Supply," Wall Street Journal, 2/22/93, A6; (NB, 3/93, p. 11).

68. Mark Porubcansky, "Drug trafficking equals 8 percent of all world trade, the U.N. reports," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 27, 1997; (NB, 8/97, p. 29). ONDCP estimates U.S. drug expenditures to be $50-60 billion annually. It is very hard to imagine that the U.S. share of the global drug trade is only 15%. Eric Sterling, president of the Criminal Justice Policy Foundation, having examined many estimates of the drug trade, believes $400 billion is an exaggeration.

69. G. Frankel, "Federal Agencies Duplicate Efforts, Wage Costly Turf Battles," Washington Post, June 8, 1997, p. A1.

70. Report to Congress: United States and Mexico Counterdrug Cooperation; Enhanced Multilateral Drug Control Cooperation; Enhanced Truck Inspections, Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy (1997, Sept.); (NB, 9-10/97, p. 3).

71. Drug Control: Observations on Elements of the Federal Drug Control Strategy, Report to Congressional Requesters, Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office (1997, March), GGD-97-42; (NB, 5-6/97, p. 5).

72. C. Peter Rydell & Susan S. Everingham, Controlling Cocaine: Supply Versus Demand Programs, Santa Monica, CA: Drug Policy Research Center, RAND (1994), p. 6. Contact RAND Corporation, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, Tel: (310) 393-0411, Fax: (310) 393-4818, Web: www.rand.org.

73. Jon Gettman & Paul Armentano, 1998 Marijuana Crop Report, Washington, DC: National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (1998, Oct.). Contact NORML, 1001 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 710, Washington, DC 20036, Tel: (202) 483-8751, Fax: (202) 483-0057, www.norml.org.

74. Pulse Check: National Trends in Drug Abuse, Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy (1998, Summer).

75. Dudley Althaus, "18 Men, Women, Kids, Slain in Mexico," Houston Chronicle, Sept. 18, 1998; (NB, 9-10/98, p. 34).

76. Diana Jean Schemo & Tim Golden, "Bogota Aid: To Fight Drugs or Rebels?" New York Times, June 2, 1998; Juanita Darling, "War on Drugs, Insurgents in Colombia Blur U.S. Mission," Los Angeles Times (Washington Edition), June 3, 1998; (NB, 7-8/98, p. 21).

77. Services Research Outcomes Study, Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (1998); (NB, 9-10/98, p. 6).

78. Reuters, "Report says drug rehab works, urges more funding," Boston Globe, Sept. 10, 1998; Lee Bowman, "Value of drug treatment shows on the streets," Boston Herald, Sept. 10, 1998.

79. Jonathan P. Caulkins, C. Peter Rydell, William L. Schwabe, & James Chiesa, Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences: Throwing Away the Key or the Taxpayers' Money? Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation (1997), pp.62-69; (NB, 5-6/97, p. 8).

80. Press Release, "Study Finds Current Sentencing Laws Undermine Drug Control Goals," Rand Corporation, May 12, 1997.

81. Ibid.

82. See note 72 above.

83. Press Release, "Major New Study Finds Drug Treatment As Good as Treatment for Diabetes, Asthma, etc., And Better and Cheaper than Prison," Physicians Leadership on National Drug Policy, March 17, 1998; Steve Sternberg, "Doctors Want Addicts Cured, Not Jailed," USA Today, March 18, 1998; (NB, 3-4/98, p. 6). Contact PLNDP at the Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, Tel: (401) 444-1818, Fax: (401) 444-1850, E-mail: david_lewis@brown.edu, Web: www.brown.edu/plndp/.

84. Associated Press, "Health experts: Treat, don't jail, drug abusers," Dallas Morning News, March 18, 1998.

85. Ibid.

86. David Lewis, M.D., "`Treatment works' — the truth please," Brown University Digest of Addiction Theory and Application, April 1998, p. 8.

87. Behind Bars: Substance Abuse and America's Prison Population, New York, NY: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (1998, Jan.); (NB, 1/98, p. 3).

88. Ibid., p. iii. The comment is made in a foreword by Joseph Califano, president of CASA.

89. Associated Press, "Health experts: Treat, don't jail, drug abusers," Dallas Morning News, March 18, 1998.

90. See note 87 above, p. 10.

91. Christopher J. Mumola, "Substance Abuse and Treatment, State and Federal Prisoners, 1997," Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice (1999, Jan.).

92. Robert J. Blendon, ScD & John T. Young, Mphil, "The Public and the War on Illicit Drugs," Journal of the American Medical Association, March 18, 1998, Vol. 279, No. 11, pp. 827-832; ((NB, 3-4/98, p. 10); Associated Press, "Health experts: Treat, don't jail, drug abusers," Dallas Morning News, March 18, 1998.

93. David Lewis, M.D., "`Treatment works' — the truth please," Brown University Digest of Addiction Theory and Application, April 1998, p. 8.

94. Compendium of Reports, Research and Articles Demonstrating the Effectiveness of Medical Marijuana, Vol I & II, Falls Church, VA: Common Sense for Drug Policy (1997, March); (NB, 1/97, special insert). Kevin B. Zeese is president of CSDP. Contact CSDP, 3220 N St., NW, #141, Washington, DC 20007, Tel: (703) 354-5694, Fax: (703) 354-5695, E-mail: kevzeese@laser.net, Web: www.drugsense.org.

95a. Organizations Supporting Access to Therapeutic Cannabis, Howardsville, VA: Patients Out of Time (1999). Contact Patients Out of Time, Fish Pond Plantation, 1472 Fish Pond Road, Howardsville, VA 24562, Tel: (804) 263-4484, Fax: (804) 263-6753, E-mail: patients@medicalcannabis.com.

95b. Janet E. Joy, Stanley J. Watson, Jr., and John A. Benson, Jr., (Editors), Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base, Institute of Medicine, Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, (1999, March), p. ES.11.

96. In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition (Docket #86-22), Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, DEA (1988, Sept. 6), p. 57.

97. Ibid.

98. Kendra E. Wright & Paul M. Lewin, Drug War Facts, Washington, DC: Common Sense for Drug Policy (1998, Sept.), p. 30.

99. Mark Evans, Associated Press, "Marijuana for Medical Use OK'd," Washington Post, Nov. 6, 1996; (NB, 12/96, p. 3).

100. Sue McAllister, "Agents Raid Home of Writer on Medical Use of Marijuana," Los Angeles Times, December 18, 1997; Peter Baker & William Claiborne, "Plan Targets Medical Use of Marijuana," Washington Post, December 29, 1996; William Claiborne, "Federal Warning on Medical Marijuana Leaves Physicians Feeling Intimidated," Washington Post, Jan 1, 1997; (NB, 1/97, p. 2); U.S. v. Cannabis Cultivators Club, et al. and Related Cases, Nos. 98-00085 CRB through 98-00088 CRB (N.D. Cal. 1998); Kathleen Kirkwood, "Medical pot club closes doors," Oakland Tribune, Oct. 20, 1998, p. A1; (NB, 9-10/98, p. 14).

101. H.J.Res. 117; July Holland, "House Votes to Oppose Medical Marijuana Use," San Francisco Examiner, Sept. 16, 1998; (NB, 9-10/98, p. 15). 

102. A.M. Rosenthal, "We don't want a drug legalizer," International Herald Tribune, July 31, 1997.

103. National Commission on AIDS, The Twin Epidemics of Substance Abuse and HIV, Washington, D.C.: National Commission on AIDS (1991); General Accounting Office, Needle Exchange Programs: Research Suggests Promise as an AIDS Prevention Strategy, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (1993); Dr. David Satcher, (Note to Jo Ivey Bouffard), The Clinton Administrations Internal Reviews of Research on Needle Exchange Programs, Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control (1993, Dec. 10); National Institutes of Health Consensus Panel, Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors, Kensington, MD: National Institutes of Health Consensus Program Information Center (1997, Feb.).

104. Katharine Q. Seelye, "A.M.A. Backs Drug-User Needle Exchange," New York Times, June 27, 1997; Honorable Willie Brown, Jr., and Honorable Richard Riordan, "Rationale for Needle Exchange Programs," U.S. Conference of Mayors, Resolution No. 26, June 24, 1997; Editorial, "Needle Programs Are Needed," Los Angeles Times (Washington Edition), July 8, 1997; Editorial, "...Offering Clean Needles," Washington Post, July 14, 1997; (NB, 7/97, pp. 8-9).

105. Amy Goldstein, "Clinton Supports Needle Exchanges But Not Funding," Washington Post, April 21, 1998; (NB, 3-4/98, p. 3).

106. H.R. 3717; "House vote bans funds for needle exchanges," USA Today, April 30, 1998; Greg McDonald, "House OKs fund ban for needle exchanges," Houston Chronicle, April 30, 1998; (NB, 3-4/98, p. 3).

107. Barbara Vobejda, "AIDS Panel Sends Rebuke to Clinton," Washington Post, March 17, 1998; (NB, 3-4/98, p. 4).

108. Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "Clinton Decides Not to Finance Needle Program," New York Times, April 21, 1998.

109. National Institutes of Health Consensus Panel, Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors, Kensington, MD: National Institutes of Health Program Information Center (1997, Feb.), p. 6.

110. Dawn Day, PhD, Health Emergency 1999, Princeton, NJ: Dogwood Center (1998, Oct.), p. 7.

111. Nicky Metribian, et al., "The feasibility of prescribing injectable heroin and methadone to opiate-dependent drug users; associated health gains and harm reductions," Medical Journal of Australia, June 15, 1998, Vol. 168, pp. 596-600; (NB, 7-8/98, p. 32).

112. Mike Gray, Drug Crazy, How We Got Into This Mess and How We Can Get Out, (Random House, 1998), pp. 61-63; Arnold S. Trebach, The Heroin Solution, (Yale University Press, 1982).

113. CBS News, Sixty Minutes, December 27, 1992; Trebach, ibid.

114. Clare Nullis, "Swiss call heroin program a Success," Boston Globe, July 11, 1997; (NB, 8/97, p. 17).

115. Associated Press, "Swiss Voters Back Heroin Plan," Washington Post, Sept. 29, 1997; ( NB, 11-12/97, p. 5).

116. Associated Press, "Controlled Heroin Distribution Given the Nod," The Australian, October 10, 1998; "Heroin on prescription for Swiss addicts," BBC News Online Network, October 1, 1998; (NB, 9-10/98, p. 34)

117. "Experimental Drugs," The Netherlander, July 4-10, 1998, (NB, 7-8/98, p. 31).

118. Associated Press, "Heroin to Be Distributed First in Hamburg and Frankfurt," Siegener (Germany), Nov. 15, 1998; (NB, 11-12/98, p. 9); Deirdre Cooper-Mahkorn, "German doctors vote to prescribe heroin to misusers," British Medical Journal, April 4, 1998, Vol. 316, p. 1037; (NB, 3-4/98, p. 26).

119. "HIV/AIDS and Injection Drug Use: A National Action Plan," National Task Force on HIV, AIDS and Injection Drug Use, May 22, 1997; (NB, 7/97, p. 11); Marion Downey, "40 addicts to receive heroin legally," Sydney Morning Herald, Aug. 1, 1997; (NB, 8/97, p. 18).

120. "Signing of House Bill 3643, Recriminalizing Marijuana," Statement of Governor John Kitzhaber, July 3, 1997; (NB, 8/97, p. 20); NewsBriefs Election '98 Supplement, Washington, DC: National Drug Strategy Network (1998, Nov.).

121. Preliminary Results from the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (1998, Aug.), Figure 1, p. 9.

122. Michael J. Sniffen, "Murder rate hit 30-year low in `97; serious crimes continued to fall," Dallas Morning News, Nov. 23, 1998.

123. Chuck Thomas and Rob Kampia, "Marijuana Arrests and Incarceration in the United States: November 1998," Washington, DC: Marijuana Policy Project (1998, Nov.); (NB, 11-12/98, p. 29). Contact the Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) at P.O. Box 77492, Washington, DC 20013, Tel: (202) 462-5747, Fax: (202) 232-0442, E-mail: mpp@igc.org, Web: http://www.mpp.org.

124. W. Hall, R. Room, & S. Bondy, WHO Project on Health Implications of Cannabis Use: A Comparative Appraisal of the Health and Psychological Consequences of Alcohol, Cannabis, Nicotine and Opiate Use, August 28, 1995, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (1998, March); David Concar, "High anxieties: What the WHO doesn't want you to know about cannabis," New Scientist, Feb. 21, 1998, p. 4; (NB, 2/98, p. 9).

125. Michael Grunwald, "Drug Chief Mitigates Slap at Dutch After Tour," Washington Post, July 21, 1998; (NB, 7-8/98, p. 20).

126. Reuters, "Dutch Have Fewer Drug Users Than Thought -- Study," Jan. 6, 1999.

127. Kendra E. Wright & Paul M. Lewin, Drug War Facts, Washington, DC: Common Sense for Drug Policy (1998, Sept.), page 35.

128a. Joseph A. Califano Jr., "Marijuana: It's a Hard Drug," Washington Post, September 30, 1997.

128b. J.C. Merrill and K.S. Fox, Cigarettes, Alcohol, Marijuana: Gateways to Illicit Drug Use, New York: National Center of Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (1994).

129. See note 95b above, p. 3.22.

130. See note 124 above.

131. National Drug Control Strategy 1999, Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy (1999, Feb.).

132. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics: 1996, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (1997).

133. Lloyd Johnston, et al., 1998 National Survey Results from the Monitoring the Future Study, Dec. 18, 1998, Table 10.

134. Ibid., Table 1a.

135. Luntz Research Companies, National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse II: Teens and Their Parents, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Colombia University, 1996.

136. President William Clinton, The President's message in: The National Drug Control Strategy, 1998: a ten year plan, Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy (1998, Feb.).

137. See note 121 above, Table 11, p. 73.

138. Ernest Drucker, PhD, "Drug Prohibition and Public Health: 25 Years of Evidence," Public Health Reports, Jan./Feb. 1999, Vol. 114, pp. 14-29.

139. National Drug Control Strategy 1999, Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy (1999, Feb.), Table 3, p. 114.

140. See note 92 above.